Gun Violence In America Criminology Essay

Gun Violence In America Criminology EssayThe future(a) paper is sacred to the incidents of poor boy violence in America. This essay will review the information surveyed on criminal justice system and my personal investigation of the thinkable decision-makings by benchmarking the best practices. The topic of bomber violence in America is widely discussed in different circles of our society that is why we will also talk more than or less it with necessary specific details.It is generally known that there is a growing debate about gun violence in the ground forces. These incidents atomic number 18 mostly vernacular for poor urban territories. Unfortunately more often new-mades and issue adults are eng maturated in those criminal gun violence cases. Taking into consideration diachronic backgrounds, such as magnicides of President Abraham Lincoln in the year 1865 and of another(prenominal) Ameri heap Presidents James Garfield, William McKinley and John Kennedy, gun violenc e is not a impress event in the United States. All these and other violence affairs have generally burnt up the disputes over gun policies. Coming into details, gun violence incidents whitethorn include suicides with firearms, homicides by weapon type, assassinations of U.S Presidents, robberies committed with guns.Suicides equal to the most significant amount of incidents. Several studies prove that there is a federation between possessions of firearms at home and numbers of gun suicides. Cook and Jens (2000) said that during 80s and early 90s of the 21 century, there was a valid rising tendency in teenage suicides with a gun use as well as a strong total increase in suicides among those grown-ups of 75 years ageing and even over. The most general method of suicide in the United States of America, taking into account 50.7% of all suicides committed during 2006, is considered to be firearms incidents. Concerning the homicides in the 19-th century they commonly took place during the mass dis rambles. The upward direction in homicide rates over a period between the 1980s and early 1990s was mostly notice among the males of Hispanic and African American nationalities. The consequences such as injury and even death rates for black males aged 13 -17 tripled and for black males aged 18-24 doubled.The do drugs abuse (mostly cocaine) throughout the United States is often referred as a factor for heightened gun violence among youths during this time. The main reason for it was the rapid economic development of the clownish and non-stable politics.According to Mcgrath (2007), we see that gun homicides are the most abundant among informal groups of youngsters and during the commission of felony villainys. For instance in 1976, the number of homicides caused by firearms because of arguments was about 70 percent, still by 1993, nearly all gang-related homicides involved guns (97 percent), while the percentage of gun homicides associated with arguments left nominal ly constant. Nevertheless the percent-size of gang homicides generated by guns fell a microscopic to 94 percent in 2004, but the percentage of homicides caused by firearms during the offense commitment upsurged from 60 percent to 77 percent from 1976 to 2005. According to the last surveys of 2005, 11, 345 commonwealth were killed by firearms and 477, 040 persons turned out to be the victims of the firearms crimes. The statistics of 2006 proves that 68% of murders were committed with a firearm, besides guns were used in 42% of robberies and 22% of aggravated assaults.Approximately a quarter of commercial larcenies in the USA is committed with guns. Robberies edged with guns are three times likely to bring fatalities as a result vs. thefts with other weapons used. The core essence of this problem lies in the availability of guns. Some criminologists suppose that if guns availability was restricted then delinquents might also commit a crime but with less serious consequences. The dom inant source for firearm ownership records is considered the General Social Survey.According to its figures in 2004 only 36,5 % of Americans reported about the gun ownership in their homes, and with the reference to 1997 about 40% of the examined Americans filed for having gun at home. It is essential to specify that about 44 million people in the USA are gun owners, 25% of them are adults, 40% are househ superannuateders. A National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms carried out in 1994 investigated that Americans own 192 million guns, 36% belong to rifles, 34% to handguns, 26% to shotguns, 4% to other types of weapon. The gun ownership can also be differentiated accord to geographic principle the rates of ownership vary from 25% in the Northeastern part to 60% in the East South Central States. This is mantic to be the leading problem but besides Americans have to reckon with gun politics conducted on the territory of their Motherland. Coming out of the interrogati on investigations guns can simply enhance crime offenses and multiply the possibility of more aggravated and lethal outcome. Public policy is generally targeted to the ways of law of nature enforcement administration. The interference may occur when a gun is bought in an illegal way or forbidding the youth and convicted criminals from acquiring guns. Politics strategy can also management on safety monitoring by setting increased sentences for those who use guns in crime. Firearm laws are the matter of many arguments in the United States. The following situation takes place as firearms are extensively used for recreational purposes, and for personal protection. Celebrities make good use of guns for hunting and for self-defence and set a bright example for other citizens by the same. There exists a special prohibition for gun dealers to sell handguns to the people less than 21 years old and long guns to the people under the age of 18. There are also some fixed restrictions on sellin g guns to foreign residents. In America the juvenile gun ownership is really one of the most burning problems. As those teens now serving in correctional institutions bought their first weapon at the age of 14. The shocking statistics points out that 86% of juveniles become the gun owners sooner or later. The upcoming tendency for juvenile offenders includes owning several firearms at a time. 65% of juveniles are the owners of three or more arms. They mostly purchase guns from friends, family or drug dealers. They claim that the main reason for keeping a handgun is a self-protection measure from bandits. But in the majority of cases teenage groups have no legal license for gun keeping. Only in Rochester 22% of youngsters violated the law by keeping a firearm illegally.Firearms policy is getting through big hurdles. So I feel the necessity to make an overview analysis of thirdhand gun market. Canada (1995) stated that only 60-70% of firearms sales are settled with licensed gun deale rs. The most part of trades with youngsters and felons occur in the secondary market. To be more precise, secondary market is a place where the firearms are delivered by unlicensed individuals. But this purchase proved to be a risky way as many firearms sold in the secondary market could be used in homicides before. Prothrow-Stith and Spivak (2004) mentioned that The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) governs the work of licensed firearms dealers. There is a special necessary for firearms manufacturers to mark all the new firearms with serial numbers. In such a way ATF has an opportunity to follow-up the guns used in crimes according to their Federal License. adenosine triphosphate reports that about 500,000 guns are stolen every year and are possibly getting into the hands of restricted usersIn my essay I would like to present the possible solutions to the above-listed problems. On my opinion government of our country should be deeply involved in this proble m solution, because youth is our future and it is necessary to help a young person to be healthy and wealthy that is why it is necessary to make laws stricter. Taking into account considerable evidence, gun bans and severe limitations should be introduced in order to reduce the criminals access to weapon especially for highest-risk groups, such as juveniles and former criminals. Another approach could be the price boost for all the firearms that may largely keep common people from buying cold gun. One more solution the strict prosecution of violence by law can be rather efficient as it may probably scare away all the future criminals. The close control of unlicensed sellers can bring bacciferous results involving the immediate forfeiture of the illegally sold firearms as nowadays America is recognized as the least restrictive together with Brazil concerning firearm regulations.The cooperation of the over-embellished Canadian Mounted Police and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Fir earms and Explosives (ATF (RCMP) declared in November of 2006 aimed at sharing all the required information on removed guns. Both associations are looking forward to develop intelligent legal intrusion that will give them a chance to hold up the flow of guns conveyed into Canada from the United States by smuggling.Their cooperation is based on the following directions1) Conducting an overall gun analysis and tracing with an eye to identifying guns produced in America, applying electronic trace firearms.2) Associated partnership with initiatives by engaging the world-wide Firearms Trafficking Schools and the Serial Number Restoration Training.3) Assistance of Country Attach -by making presence in Canada more frequent in order to enable cross-national research and unifying efforts in the U.S. to investigate, arrest, and prosecute criminals importing guns into Canada.To crown it all together the gun violence control should be strictly organized in the unite efforts in order to give the results and save the nation suffering from the constant gun attacks.

Ethosomal Formulation as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery

Ethosomal locution as a Carrier for Transdermal DeliveryABSTRACTThe aim of pass on work was to develop, characterisation, of stable ethosomal aspect as a carrier for transdermal obstetrical delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride. To prepare this etho near different concentration of soy sauce bean lecithin and neutral spirits was taken. Vesicular size of it, polydispersity index, zeta latent, entrapment effiency were inflexible by photon correlation spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation techniques. The intro permeation content across human cadaver come up was done. Stability study was done on optimised F2 formulation. vesicle size decrease as increase in the concentration of ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increase with increase in concentration of soya lecithin. The ethosome exhibit entrapment effiency of 40-64%. Invitro permeation study across human contend ethosome F2formulation showed mellower transdermal flux 26.39%g/cm2/hr. Release mechanism of Invitro permeation shows zero order do drugs release from formulation. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study F2 formulation showed signifi guttert immobility as compare to controlled group. Stability study lead revealed no significant change found in size distribution was found for 90days. Our result indicates that the developed ethosomal system may be potential and safe to delivery paroxetine hydrochloride by dint of transdermal deliverys.INTRODUCTIONIn youthful years the attraction of lipid vesicle use in delivery system for kowtow treatment is increasing (1, 2). Paroxetine hydrochloride (PXH) is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. Commonly available in tablets and capsule dosage form, but literal ad minuteistration have numbers of side effects as well as it undergoes lengthened hepatic metabolism. Variation in plasma concentration and long term therapy leads to severe side effects (3).To overcome these difficulties such as extensive hepatic first pass metabolism transdermal delivery is beneficial (4). The useful of transdermal delivery has been proved for some antidepressants (5,6). It is previously reported that significant increase delivery of drugs across the scratch up would be done by apply an ethosomes as novel permeation enhancing carrier (7-10). Composition of ethosomes system princip totallyy contains phospholipids, ethanol and weewee (12). Solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain callable to heraldic bearing of ethanol. ethyl alcohol may provide vesicles with soft flexible characteristics, which allow them to penetrate more simply into the deeper layers of the skin (13). The present aim focuses on the preparation and characterization of ethosomal formulation for PXH transdermal delivery. The aim of present study was to develop stable ethosomes carrier for transdermal delivery of PXH. The effect of ethanol and soya lecithin on the permeation of PXH through the human skin was evaluated.Material and methodMaterialSoya lecithin was purchased from Research Lab Mumbai. Ethanol was purchased from Loba chemical Mumbai. Cholesterol was purchased from Research Lab Fine Chem Industries, Mumbai. PEG-400 was purchased from Dipa laboratory Chemicals. All materials and solvents used in this study are of analytical grade.Preparation of ethosomesSoya lecithin and PXH, were dissolved in ethanol. Double distilled water was added slowly with a comely stream in above ethanol dispersion with constant mixing at 700 rpm on magnetic stirrer, in a well-sealed glass container. conflate was continued for an additional 5 min. The system was kept at 300C throughout the preparation and was then left to cool at room temperature. (7, 8)PHYSICAL photo OF ETHOSOME cysts size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potentialThe vesicle size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential of vesicles was determined using photon correlation spectroscopy (Beckmann counter, Delsa Nano, USA). Formulat ion were diluted by 1/4th distilled water before metre and measured three times at scattering angle of 900. The polydispersity index (PI) was used as a measurement of the width of the size distribution. PI less than 0.4 indicates a homogenous and monodisperse population. Zeta potential was measured as the particle electrophoretic mobility pie-eyeds of laser microelectrophoresis in a ther aboutated cell.Entrapment efficiency (EE)The entrapment capacity of PXH by ethosomal vesicles was determined by ultracentrifugation. Formulations were kept overnight at 4 micro-centrifuge (Tarsons) 12000 rpm for 30 min. The support was removed and drug measuring stick was determined in both the sediment and the supernatant. The entrapment capacity was calculated as follows, (T2C) /T 100, where T is the total amount of drug that is detected both in the supernatant and sediment, and C is the amount of drug detected only in the supernatant.In vitro permeation studyPreparation of cadaver skinSkin sa mples provided from Government aesculapian College and Hospital, Aurangabad. Obtain from breast reduction operation and subcutaneous fat was carefully trimmed and then rinse with normal saline, prepared skin was warped in aluminium foil and stored at -200c until use. (15)ProcedureInvitro skin permeation studies were performed on a Franz diffusion cell with an effective diffusional area 0.785 cm2 and having receptor compartment volume of 15ml. The skin was brought to room temp and mounted with the conferrer compartment dry and open to the atmosphere. Initially, the donor compartment was empty and receiver compartment was filled with phosphate buffer ph 7.4. The receiver smooth was stirred with magnetic bead with the speed of 100rpm and the temperature was maintained at 371. The phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was replaced with the fresh one at every 30 min to stabilize the skin. It was found that the receiver solution should a negligible peak area after 3hr and beyond indicating complete s tabilisation of skin. 5ml ethosomes formulation was placed into the donor compartment and sealed with paraffin film to provide occlusive condition. The sample where withdraw at regular interval for 10 hrs filtered through 0.45 . membrane filter and analysed for drug amount by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 294 nm.Permeation data analysisThe cumulative amount of penetrant, Q (g/cm2), which permeated the skin per unit surface area was plotted against time. The linear portion of the plot was taken as being the steady-state flux, (Js). The permeableness coefficient (Kp) was calculated asKp = Js/CvWhere Cv is the concentration of penetrant in the donor solution.Vesicle stability paygradeStability of optimised ethosomes formulation was kept at room temp for 4 weeks. The measurement where conducted on of ethosomes that. Vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential was measured at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days mean value where used for the analysed of the data.2.5. In vivo Pharmac odynamic studyApproval to carry out pharmacodynamics studies was obtained (Institutional Animals Ethical Committee, approved the protocol). repulsed Swim sort (FST) and Locomotor Activity test (LAT) was used to evaluate antidepressant effect of the optimized F2 formulation. Rats of either sex weighing 250300 g were kept under banal laboratory conditions (temperature 23-30oc).The rats were kept with free access to standard laboratory diet. Approximately 14 cm2 of abdominal side of rats skin was shaved on the in from each one group except group treated with marketed tablet formulation.Rats were divided randomly into three groups each containing six animals. Group -1 was considered as a control. Group-2 was treated with oral tablet of PXH containing 1.40 mg/day and administered without anaesthesia by using simple poly-ethylene tube. Group-3 was treated with optimized F2 formulation applied transdermally containing 2 mg/day (equivalent to 0.60 mg/day) drug.2.5.1. Force swim testRats were hale to swim in cylindrical glass tank (60 cm height X 30 cm in diameter) containing water after the administration of doses. Water was filled up to 40 cm height so they were swim without touching their hind limb or posterior to bottom of the tank. On the 1st day of experiments, rats were forced to swim for 10 min. After 24 h, rats were re-exposed to forced swim for 5 min and animals were judged for immobility, climbing, and swimming. After a 5-min swim test, the rat was removed from the cylinder, dried and then returned to its home cage 29. Porsolt, R.D., Bertin, A., Jalfre M. (1977). Behavioral despair in mice a primary screening test for antidepressants. loathly Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 229, 327336.2.5.2. Locomotor performanceHyper occupation, functional roles of specific neurobiological and drugs potential psycho activity were discriminate by the locomotor activity study 30. Locomotor activity was measured in the open-field test. The apparatus consisted of a square arena (200200 cm), with a 50 cm height. The floor was divided into 30 equal squares. Animals were distributively positioned in the centre of the arena and the activity was measured over 5 min. The open field was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol solution before behavioural testing to block possible bias due to odours and/or residues left by rats tested earlier. Also after each 3 animals apparatus was cleaned 31.Result and discussionVesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potentialThe vesicle mean diameters for all formulation are shown in display board 2. The result of photon correlation spectroscopy shows narrow peak for all formulation, which indicating that size of vesicle population is comparatively uniform in size. In accordance with new(prenominal) researcher, this decrease in the mean diameter of vesicle is due to the presence of ethanol (touitou et al., 2000). Higher concentration of ethanol produced lower vesicle size. Probably the ethanol causes the modification of the net charge of the system and confer it some degree of stearic stabilization that may finally lead to decrease in mean particle size (lasic et al., 1998). In the formulation the concentration of ethanol increases from 30-35% the significant decrease in vesicle size. On the other hand, it was observed that the increase in soya lecithin concentration resulted in increase in mean particle size. Small vesicle size is formed with the F2 formulation having a 1% of soya lecithin and 35% ethanol. Twice fold increase in soya lecithin concentration (1%-2%) resulted in two fold increase in ethosomes size (from 500nm- ). The charge of vesicles is important parameter that can influence both stability and skin vesicle interaction. Zeta potential value of all formulations shown in Table 2. The concentration of ethanol increase from 30-35% v/v resulting in increase in zeta potential values. Polydispersity index was determined as measure of homogeneity in formulation. Polydispersity index 0.3 indicate h omogeneous population of ethosome vesicle in formulation. Polydispersity of all formulation shown in Table 2. Compare to all formulation F2 formulation showed less polydispersity index is 0.23 indicates homogeneous population of ethosome vesicles.Entrapment efficiencyEntrapment efficiency of all formulation shown in Table 2. Entrapment efficiency of formulation containing of 1% soya lecithin and 30% (F1) ethanol was found to be 60%, which significantly increased to 64% when the amount of ethanol increases to 35% (F2) keeping the concentration of soya lecithin constant. Ethosomes formulation prepared with 1.5% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F3) exhibited 40% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 45% (F4) respectively keep the amount of soya lecithin constant. Formulation prepared with 2% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F5) showed 42% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 61% when the concentration of ethanol increased to 35%(F6) respectively. These data supported by pr evious finding that solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain due to presence of ethanol (13).From these results entrapment efficiency of formulation was observed due to increase in ethanol concentration.Invitro permeation studyIn vitro skin permeation experiment was performed using human cadaver skin showed that permeation was highest in F2 formulation as shown in Fig 1. Flux value of F2 formulation was significantly different when compared with other formulation (P0.05) as shown in Table 3. Highest flux value (-) of F2 as compared to other formulation. These may be due to small vesicle size and high entrapment efficiency alone with high concentration of ethanol. These data supported by previous finding that ethanol interact with a lipid molecules of stratum corneum, resulting in reduction in the Tm of stratum corneum, increase in there fluidity. The intercalation of ethanol due to polar head group environment can result i n increase in membrane permeability (16). It can also suggest that mixing of phospholipids with the stratum corneum lipid of the intercellular layers enhances the permeability of the skin (17). F2 formulation was selected as a optimized formulation from the vesicle size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation study results and considered for further study.In vivo Pharmacodynamic studyPharmacodynamic activity of ethosomes F2 formulation was compared with orally administered dose. Pharmacodynamic activity involved two tests. One was force swim test and other was locomotor activity. Force swim test is most widely used model for assessing the antidepressant activity. Total immobility period would decrease if high concentration of paroxetine hydrochloride reached target site.Force swim testResults of FST sustain that there was significant reduction in total immobility period in seconds by treating the rats by transdermal et hosomal F2 formulation. There was significant (pTable 3. Results of forced swim test.ConclusionEthosomal vesicles with appropriate size and maximum drug entrapment efficiency can be prepared. F2 formulation showed highest transdermal flux across human skin was composed of 1% soya lecithin, 35% ethanol and 2% cholesterol. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study of optimised formulation showed significant values compared to controlled group. Therefore, it can be concluded from the result of the study that ethosome formulation is potentially useful carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochlorideREFERANCESO. Braun-Falco, H.C. Kortung, H.I. Maibach (Eds.), Grieswith bach Conference Liposome Dermatics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992.E. Touitou, H.E. Junginger, N.D. Weiner, M. Mezei, Lipo somes as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery, J.Pharm. Sci. 9 (1992) 11891203.Hollister L E. Norwalk, computerized tomography Appleton Lange 1995. A Lange Medical Book Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 44859.Kilts CD. Potential New Drug Delivery Systems for Antidepressants An overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 64313.Frampton JE and Plosker GL. Selegiline transdermal system in the treatment of major depressive disorder Profile report. CNS Drugs. 2007 2152124.Singh G, Ghosh B, Kaushalkumar D and Somsekhar V. Screening of venlafaxine hydrochloride for transdermal delivery passive diffusion and iontophoresis. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2008 9791797.Touitou E. Compositions for applying active substances to or through the skin. US Patent 5 540 934, 1996.Touitou E, Composition for applying active substances to or through the skin. US Patent 5 716 638, 1998.Touitou E, Alkabes M, Dayan N, Eliaz M. Ethosomes novel vesicular carriers for enhanced skin delivery. Pharm Res 1997 14 S-305.Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, EliazM.Ethosomes*novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery characterizationand skin penetration properties. J Control Rel 2000 6540318.Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M. Ethosomes *novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Rel 200065 40318.M.M.A. Elsayed, O.Y. Abdallah, V.F. Naggar, N.M. Khalafallah, Deformable liposomes and ethosomes as carriers for skin delivery of ketotifen, Pharmazie 62 (2007) 133137.Heeremans JLM, Gerristen HR, Meusen SP, Mijuheer FW, Panday GRS, Prevost R, Kluft C, Crommelin DJA. The preparation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) containing liposomes entrapment effciency and ultracentrifugation damage. J Drug Target 1995 3301-310.Fang, J,V., Sung, K.C., Lin, H. H., Fang, C.L.(1999) transdermal iontophoretic Delivery of diclofenac sodium from various polymer formulation Invitro and Invivo studies. Int. J. Pharm. 19 178 83-92.Nava Dayan., Elka Touitou. (2000) Carrier for skin delivery of trihexphenidyl HCLethosomes vs. Liposomes biomatererials 21( 2000) 1879-1885.A. Blume, M. Jansen, M. Ghyczy, J. Gareis, Interaction of phospholipid liposomes with lipid model mixtures forstratum corneum lipids, Int. J. Pharm. 99 (1993) 219220.Formulation of ethosomeTable- 1Evaluation of ethosome

Landfills in Indiana :: essays research papers

Dear City Council,The purpose of this letter is to ensure that the City Council has the most current information regarding municipal landf sicks. This information is critical in our efforts to fight the integrity of our city. As the mayor of this fine town, I feel it is my duty to keep the citizens of Sullivan up to date with the most current information with regards to our city as such I have researched landfills and compiled my findings here for your consideration.First and foremost, the construction of a new landfill is a decision which must not be entered into lightly. Many of our citizens may not even fully understand what a municipal landfill is, let alone the pros and cons of allowing the construction of one in our city. Most people, when thinking of something such as a landfill may envision what is more accurately called a diddley. A dump is a place where people randomly and carelessly cam stroke unclaimed debris without regard to consequence. I, for one, would never allo w a dump in Sullivan. Thankfully, there is a stark difference between a landfill and a dump and I would like to begin with a discussion of what a landfill is.A landfill is a carefully concepted cavity in the ground into which wastes are deposited. The origination is implemented in such a manner that there is no connection between the waste and the environment surrounding the waste. The greatest focus of the design of a landfill is placed on the avoidance of any hydrologic connectivity between the waste and the environment, or, more precisely, the groundwater. Another highlight included in the careful design is that municipal landfills are specifically cared for so that odors do not permeate the area, and so that rodents and the like are not drawn. Another important aspect of what a municipal landfill is would be what can be contained in it. According to the inch Department of Environmental Management, Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (MSWLFs) accept the majority of items that we c ommonly throw out and place on the curb for daily trash pickup, yard debris, construction/demolition materials, and some non-hazardous waste produced industrially. This definition is supported by Indianas Title 329 IAC 10-2-115 Municipal Solid Waste and Title 329 IAC 10-2-116 Municipal Solid Waste Landfill.It is not uncommon for advocates of a landfill to claim that no ill effects will occur as a result of the landfill or that the landfill will not pollute our natural resources.

The Metaphysics of Meaning and the Symbolism of Language :: Philosophy Communication Essays

The Metaphysics of Meaning and the Symbolism of Language There are no facts, only interpretations Nachlass Friedrich Nietzsche In this essay, I shall flesh out the nave view, or theory, of symbolism, which assumes, or argues, that in the symbolic system of language thoughts are expressed by actors line, and that words have meaning, thereof. I shall show that the nave theory of symbolism is invalid, and offer an alternative view incorporating my own empirical theories of meaning and language. I shall also argue against the nave view of such a relation as expression in the context of a symbolic theory of language. I shall further assert that meaning cannot be a property of words, or any linguistic symbol. In nave symbolism, expression is the relation connecting thoughts and words, allowing us to compile phrases such as, thoughts and their expressions, where their implies a possessive quality that thoughts and words share. Here, the words are possess by the thoughts words belong to thoughts, and have a causal relation. It is statements such as these that I will pay philosophical attention to. I shall be considering whether such a relationship is possible, how it comes about, and the logic of such a relation. I will show that there is no such causal relation, nor logically unwashed dependence between thoughts and words. Further, I will argue it cannot be said, with any logical validity, that symbolism in language implies a possessive relation such as, thoughts and their words. Thoughts are not in the possession of words, for this implies an illogical causal relation. The term expression, and all its conjugated forms, is bogus in the nave position it plays between words and thoughts. There are thoughts, there are words, or symbols. However, the two are neither logically related, nor mutually dependent. The conclusion of this essay will be the argument, logically and philosophically defended that the game of language we all share in order to communicate and wit ness each other, is a guessing game. The thoughts of others cannot be known done language, only pointed to. Expressions are merely indicators of meaning. Understanding, in the generally accepted sense, never happens. Finally, a piece of speculation into the theory of language development. Much of our ability to understand and use language comes from the tools we attained in our formative years. One such tool was the copy-cat style of learning the empirical expressions.

Potemkin :: essays research papers

Setting While originally filmed to commemorate the 1905 revolution in Russia, Potemkin was actually shown to rouse the great deal against the Russian government.The film takes place on three major settings. The battleship Potmekin serves as the first backdrop where the revolution begins. The setting shifts to the Odessa Steps when the sailors arrive with Vakulinchuk s body. Here the Russian soldiers attempt to squelch the uprising by shooting and trampling the crowds which had ga in that locationd on the steps. The final scenes take place on the water. The Potemkin sails divulge to confront the Russian ships, but the sailors eventually realize that the other soldiers had joined them in their revolt.Atmosphere The atmosphere of the film is dramatic and therefore easily holds the direction of the viewer. Einstein effectively uses the element of suspense to involve the audience. At the start of the film, the sailors were not very willing to cause any commotion or problems. However, at one time they were confronted with the possibility of being hanged and became fed up with eating rotten meat, they rallied around Vakulinchuk. The mood of the film changed several times. While the main theme was rebellion against the Soviets, there were other emotions portrayed also. When Vakulinchuks body was brought ashore for viewing, there was overwhelming anger and sadness felt by many in the crowds. After the nation decided to revolt, they mood became much lighter as they took food, coal, and water to the sailors. This joyous time was immediately brought to a halt when the Russian soldiers began marching down the Odessa Steps. Eisenstein again used suspense in these scenes by quickly flashing pictures of the mother with her baby carriage and the approaching soviet machine.Conflict The films major betrothal is between the revolting sailors and the Russian officers of the Potemkin. The Russian citizens also become involved in the conflict once Vakulinchuks body is viewed. The conflict continues until the Potemkin sails out to meet the Russian fleet. The climax occurs when the two ships face each other in a suspenseful moment.

Child Witch Hunts in the Congo :: Informative Essays, human rights, Africa

All in the name of God witch hunting has been a acknowledgment for many years of the harshest capital punishment of innocent men children and women. Witch hunts behave occurred for more than 200 years and it has been an on going issue of squall of human rights. Witch hunting dates back to the 14th Century in Europe, the starting point of these witch hunts, and Britain. Thus reaching its peak in the States during the 16th Century. The famous of all witch hunting cases was The Salem Witch Trials. Witch hunting has been a major human rights abuse in The parliamentary Republic of Congo. The process of witch hunting and exorcism began during late 2001 and has continued to this current day. Present issues such as this have risen again in early 2009. The witch hunting crisis in Congo has circulated issues of these so called exorcisms as being an abuse of human rights as well as child abuse. In order to prevent any further acts of human rights abuse the Congolese Government has taken a considerate amount of legal and non-legal measures. As the expiration toll rises to 40,000 due to witchcraft exorcisms, more than 14,000 have been abandoned by their parents. The Congolese Government has utilize non-legal measures as a means of protecting childrens rights. The non-legal measures were forcefully used by the Congolese Government through rounding up homeless children that were disowned and accused of witchcraft by both their parents and pastors. Abandoned children have been taken into custody by the Congolese government activity, as a use of legal measures, and put into orphanages as a means of protection. Many Congolese authorities have taken use of this opportunity to start addressing the abuse committed against children via the use of non-legal measures. Through the effective use of non-legal measures Congolese authorities have used such measures to re-educate the people of Congo. Using religion as a strong non-legal measure to educate the parents and religious l eaders that such abuse on children is unwarranted. In an alarming trend increasing number of children are being accused of witchcraft. This has prompted the government to launch a parliamentary commission of inquiry with a run across to toughening the law. Such accusations are specifically prohibited by Congos new constitution, which distinctively prohibits accusing children of witchcraft. The Congolese Government has reviewed the constitution through parliament, as a legal measure to prevent child abuse.

Federal Budget Must be Reduced :: Argumentative Persuasive Economics Papers

Federal Budget Must be Reduced The annual multibillion-dollar federal calculatethreatens the future of the United States and must be cropd.To cut the size of the deficit, federal revenuesmust be increased, and federal outlays must be reduced, or a conclave of the two may be used.Under the 1990budget agreement, Congress cut defense using up and benefits to veterans, farmers, and Medicare and Medicaid patients. In addition, the agreement increased taxes for the wealthiest Americans and phased out some oftheir tax exemptions. The symbolize also raised taxes oncigarettes, alcohol, gasoline, and airline tickets.(Current Issues. Close-Up Foundation,1993.) This wasa good first step, at balancing rather than rolling over the debt to future generations. However, the Republicans pick out to find some more support to getanother such agreement passed. Expensive defense programs that were once necessary are no womb-to-tomb needed. The money that was onceused for defense should be pu t toward lowering thebudget deficit, which grows at the rate of $10,000 persecond and stood as $5,020,705,156,014 at eight oclockp.m. on November 13, 1995. This is according to theNational Debt Clock (Debt Clock, //www.fusebox.com/debtclock/).Because Americans are not willing to sacrifice socialprograms, the only alternative is to raise taxes.Americans may not like it, further they need to pay forthe government services they want and need. However,this increase in taxes should be kept in perspective, since a tax increase will reduce personal income andbusiness profits. Too high of an increase in taxes will only stifle economic growth by reducing the moneybusinesses would throw off to invest in expansion and jobcreation. The latest step in balancing the budget wasa stop-gap spending bill which passed through the House of Representatives November 8, 1995, (CNN-Housepasses stop-gap spending bill-Nov.8,1995,http//www.cnn.com//US/9511/budget/index.html) This bill reduces the fun ding for some programs. On Monday,President Clinton vetoed the stop-gap spending measure,and a debt limit extension calling them too high a price